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|}} | common_name = the People's Republic of China | image_flag = Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg | image_coat = National Emblem of the People's Republic of China.svg | symbol_type = National Emblem | image_map = People's Republic of China (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = Area controlled by the People's Republic of China shown in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled regions shown in light green. | map_width = 220px | national_anthem = center | official_languages = | languages_type = Official written language | languages = Vernacular Chinese | languages_sub = yes | languages2_type = Official script | languages2 = Simplified Chinese〔 | languages2_sub = yes | regional_languages = | ethnic_groups = |1.30% Zhuang |0.86% Manchu |0.79% Uyghur |0.79% Hui |0.72% Miao |0.65% Yi |0.62% Tujia |0.47% Mongol |0.44% Tibetan |0.26% Buyei |0.15% Korean |1.05% others }} }} | capital = Beijing | latd=39 |latm=55 |latNS=N |longd=116 |longm=23 |longEW=E | largest_city = Shanghai〔 p. 395〕 | demonym = Chinese | government_type = Socialist single-party state | leader_title1 = President | leader_name1 = Xi Jinping | leader_title2 = Premier | leader_name2 = Li Keqiang | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = Zhang Dejiang | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = Yu Zhengsheng | leader_title5 = First-ranked Secretary of the Secretariat | leader_name5 = Liu Yunshan | leader_title6 = Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection | leader_name6 = Wang Qishan | leader_title7 = First Vice Premier | leader_name7 = Zhang Gaoli | legislature = National People's Congress | sovereignty_type = Formation | established_event1 = First Dynasty of China established during pre-imperial time | established_date1 = c. 2070 BCE | established_event2 = First Unification of imperial China under the Qin Dynasty | established_date2 = 221 BCE | established_event3 = Republic established | established_date3 = 1 January 1912 | established_event4 = People's Republic proclaimed | established_date4 = 1 October 1949 | area_km2 = 9,596,961 | area_footnote = | area_sq_mi = 3,705,407 | area_rank = 3rd/4th | area_magnitude = 1 E12 | percent_water = 2.8% | population_estimate = 1,376,049,000〔("United Nations world population prospects" )(PDF) 2015 revision〕 | population_estimate_rank = 1st | population_estimate_year = 2015 | population_census = 1,339,724,852〔 | population_census_year = 2010 | population_census_rank = 1st | population_density_km2 = 2013 :〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST )〕 145 | population_density_sq_mi = 373 | population_density_rank = 83rd | GDP_nominal = $11.212 trillion〔 | GDP_nominal_rank = 2nd | GDP_nominal_year = 2015 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $8,154〔 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 75th | GDP_PPP_year = 2015 | GDP_PPP = $18.976 trillion | GDP_PPP_rank = 1st | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $13,801〔 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 87th | Gini_year = 2012 | Gini_change = | Gini = 55.0 | Gini_ref = 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.pnas.org/content/111/19/6928.short )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/857619.shtml )〕 | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2013 | HDI_change = increase | HDI = 0.719 | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = 91st | currency = Renminbi (yuan)(¥) | currency_code = CNY | time_zone = China Standard Time | utc_offset = +8 | date_format = | drives_on = right | cctld = | calling_code = +86 }} China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a sovereign state in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population of over 1.35 billion. The PRC is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party, with its seat of government in the capital city of Beijing. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau); while claiming sovereignty over Taiwan. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometers, China is the world's second-largest country by land area,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Countries of the world ordered by land area )〕 and either the third or fourth-largest by total area, depending on the method of measurement. China's landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes and the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts in the arid north to subtropical forests in the wetter south. The Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third- and sixth-longest in the world, run from the Tibetan Plateau to the densely populated eastern seaboard. China's coastline along the Pacific Ocean is long, and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East and South China Seas. China is a cradle of civilization, with its known history beginning with an ancient civilization – one of the world's earliest – that flourished in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, China's political system was based on hereditary monarchies, known as dynasties, beginning with the semi-mythological Xia of the Yellow River basin. Since 221 BCE, when the Qin Dynasty first conquered several states to form a Chinese empire, the country has expanded, fractured and reformed numerous times. The Republic of China (ROC) overthrew the last dynasty in 1911, and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949. After World War II, the Communist Party defeated the nationalist Kuomintang in mainland China and established the People's Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949, while the Kuomintang relocated the ROC government to its present capital of Taipei. China had the largest and most complex economy in the world for most of the past two thousand years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline.〔http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/product/4107091e.pdf Angus Maddison. Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run. Development Centre Studies. Accessed 2007. p.29〕 Since the introduction of economic reforms in 1978, China has become one of the world's fastest-growing major economies. As of 2014, it is the world's second-largest economy by nominal total GDP and largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). China is also the world's largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a recognized nuclear weapons state and has the world's largest standing army, with the second-largest defence budget.〔〔 The PRC has been a United Nations member since 1971, when it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BCIM and the G-20. China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia, and has been characterized as a potential superpower by a number of commentators. ==Etymology== (詳細はSanskrit word ''Cīna'' (), which is translated into the Persian word ''Chīn'' ().〔"(China )". ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language'' (2000). Boston and New York: Houghton-Mifflin.〕 ''Cīna'' was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the ''Mahābhārata'' (5th century BCE) and the ''Laws of Manu'' (2nd century BCE).〔Wade, Geoff. "(The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China' )". ''Sino-Platonic Papers'', No. 188, May 2009, p. 20.〕 The word "China" itself was first recorded in 1516 in the journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa.〔"China". ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (1989). ISBN 0-19-957315-8. ''(The Book of Duarte Barbosa )'' (chapter title "The Very Great Kingdom of China"). ISBN 81-206-0451-2. In the (Portuguese original ), the chapter is titled "O Grande Reino da China".〕 The journal was translated and published in England in 1555.〔Eden, Richard (1555). ''Decades of the New World'': "The great China whose kyng is thought the greatest prince in the world." 〕 The traditional theory, proposed in the 17th century by Martino Martini and supported by many later scholars, is that the word China and its earlier related forms are ultimately derived from the state of "Qin" (), the westernmost of the Chinese kingdoms during the Zhou dynasty which unified China to form the Qin dynasty.〔Martino, Martin, ''Novus Atlas Sinensis'', Vienna 1655, Preface, p. 2.〕 Other suggestions for the derivation of "China" however exist.〔 The official name of the modern country is the People's Republic of China (). The common Chinese names for the country are ' (, from ', "central" or "middle", and ', "state" or "states", and in modern times, "nation") and ' (), although the country's official name has been changed numerous times by successive dynasties and modern governments. The term ' appeared in various ancient texts, such as the ''Classic of History'' of the 6th century BCE, and in pre-imperial times it was often used as a cultural concept to distinguish the Huaxia tribes from perceived "barbarians". The term, which can be either singular or plural, referred to the group of states or provinces in the central plain, but was not used as a name for the country as a whole until the nineteenth century. The Chinese were not unique in regarding their country as "central", with other civilizations having the same view of themselves.〔Wilkinson, Endymion (2000). ''Chinese History: A Manual''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Rev. and enl. p.132. ISBN 0-674-00247-4.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「China」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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